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Disability: Latest Work
Reports | Journal Articles | Issue Briefs | Other
Reports |
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| "The Three E’s: Enrollment, Employment, and Earnings in the Medicaid Buy-In Program, 2006." Gilbert Gimm, Sarah R. Davis, Kristin L. Andrews, Henry T. Ireys, and Su Liu, April 2008. The Medicaid Buy-In program is part of a broader federal effort to improve employment outcomes for people with disabilities by allowing states to expand Medicaid coverage to workers with disabilities whose income and assets would ordinarily make them ineligible for Medicaid. This report presents a national profile of the enrollment, employment, and earnings of Buy-In participants in 2006 and investigates the association between participant characteristics, state program features, and employment outcomes. The report notes that the Buy-In program continues to be a popular coverage option for states and enrollment is growing nationwide from 29,398 to 97,491 participants between 2001 and 2006. About 69 percent of participants nationwide were employed with average annual earnings of $8,237 in 2006. Executive Summary |
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"Evaluation of the Medicaid Value Program: Health Supports for Consumers with Chronic Conditions.” Dominick Esposito, Erin Fries Taylor, Kristin Andrews, and Marsha Gold, August 2007. The Medicaid Value Program tested interventions to improve care for adult Medicare beneficiaries with multiple chronic conditions. This report presents findings from Mathematica's evaluation; estimates of program effects, produced by the programs themselves; and case studies for the 10 interventions tested. The program succeeded in generating interest among states and health plans in developing interventions and also was successful in implementation. It was less successful in rigorous, empirical testing of the effectiveness of the interventions. Executive Summary |
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| "Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program. Assessment of Post-Rollout Implementation and Early Impacts." Craig Thornton, Gina Livermore, Thomas Fraker, David Stapleton, Bonnie O'Day, David Wittenburg, Robert Weathers, Nanette Goodman, Tim Silva, Emily Sama Martin, Jesse Gregory, Debra Wright, and Arif Mamun, May 2007. The Ticket to Work (TTW) program was designed to promote employment by enhancing the market for services that help people receiving disability benefits become economically self-sufficient. To date, the Social Security Administration has successfully begun the market enhancement process by putting the core elements of the TTW program in place across the country—mailing a Ticket to more than 11 million disability beneficiaries and inviting them to use it as a way to obtain meaningful employment; implementing new rules that allow beneficiaries to attempt to work without fear of triggering a review of their disability status; and enrolling service providers, or employment networks, that offer beneficiaries new choices for providers and service mixes. Early impacts from this report to Congress suggest that TTW slightly increased beneficiary use of employment services in 2002, the first rollout year. However, the increase did not appear to produce a corresponding increase in beneficiary earnings or a reduction in benefit payments during the first two years. The authors note that impacts for 2004 and later may be larger—participation rates continue to increase, and many nonparticipants say they plan to assign their Tickets. Nevertheless, analysis of trends in TTW payment data suggests that the program would have to induce future shifts in beneficiary behavior that are much larger than what has been observed so far in order to generate the level of exits from the program envisioned by Congress. In particular, meeting the exit goal will require TTW participation to increase substantially and a larger share of participants to earn enough so that they no longer receive cash benefits. Appendices |
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"Cash and Counseling: Improving the Lives of Medicaid Beneficiaries Who Need Personal Care or Home- and Community-Based Services." Randall Brown, Barbara Lepidus Carlson, Stacy Dale, Leslie Foster, Barbara Phillips, and Jennifer Schore, August 2007. To address the needs of Medicaid beneficiaries who are elderly or disabled and desire greater control over their personal care, the federal government has encouraged states to offer consumer-directed options. One of the most innovative and flexible consumer-directed-care models is Cash and Counseling, recently tested in a demonstration program in Arkansas, Florida, and New Jersey. The program gives consumers a monthly allowance that they may use to hire workers and to purchase care-related services and goods. This report summarizes findings from five years of research on how each of the three demonstration states implemented its program, and on how the programs have affected consumers who participated, consumers' paid and unpaid caregivers, and costs to Medicaid. The findings from the randomized trial study design show that the program had overwhelmingly positive effects on consumers of all ages and their caregivers. However, in each state, total Medicaid expenditures were higher under the program than what they would have been in its absence, for different reasons. States interested in offering a Cash and Counseling program or similar consumer-directed options may benefit from the report's discussion of lessons learned about how to control costs. Executive Summary |
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"The Interaction of Policy and Enrollment in the Medicaid Buy-In Program, 2005." Henry T. Ireys, Sarah R. Davis, and Kristin L. Andrews, May 2007. The Medicaid Buy-In program was designed to help adults with disabilities obtain or keep their employment without fear of losing health insurance. This report presents a snapshot of the program in 2005 that captures the interplay of policy features, enrollment trends, and participant characteristics that have made the program what it is today. The analysis is based on individual-level data provided by states through "finder files," which were linked to federal administrative data to calculate enrollment figures and trends in 30 state Medicaid programs. |
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"Income Security for Workers: A Stressed Support System in Need of Innovation." David C. Stapleton, Richard V. Burkhauser, Peiyun She, Gina A. Livermore, and Robert R. Weathers, May 2007. The current mix of public and private programs to support workers after they experience disability provides benefits to millions of workers and former workers. Yet, despite the large and growing costs of these programs, the inflation-adjusted household incomes of workers with disabilities have been falling for over two decades. The aging of the baby boom generation is likely to make matters worse, and the government's fiscal circumstances will make it increasingly difficult to sustain existing public programs. This report notes that current public policy initiatives might eventually improve the disability support system, but they are not likely to ward off the adverse consequences of the pending crisis. Policy changes that leverage existing private sector practices and capabilities might achieve greater success but have received little attention and are far from proven. Issue Brief |
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| "Understanding Enrollment Trends and Participant Characteristics of the Medicaid Buy-In Program, 2003-2004.” William E. Black and Henry T. Ireys, January 2006. Although advances in medicine and technology, in addition to changes in social attitudes, have improved employment opportunities for people with disabilities, their employment rate has fallen since the early 1990s. Inadequate access to private health insurance, which can be expensive and may not cover needed services, is a critical barrier to employment. This report describes enrollment and participation in the Medicaid Buy-In program, part of the federal effort to make it easier for people with disabilities to work without losing health benefits. The report notes that enrollment in the Buy-In program continued growing steadily in 2003 and 2004 and that most program participants had experience with other disability-related public programs when they enrolled in the Buy-In program. |
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"Evaluation of the Ticket to Work (TTW) Program: Implementation Experience During the Second Two Years of Operations (2003-2004)." Craig Thornton, Thomas Fraker, Gina Livermore, David Stapleton, Bonnie O'Day, Tim Silva, Emily Sama Martin, John Kregel, and Debra Wright, January 2006. The Social Security Administration established the TTW program to put disability beneficiaries on the road to economic self-sufficiency by improving access to and quality of services that will help them work. This interim report looks at the program during its first two years of operation to examine participation, beneficiary characteristics and outcomes, implementation, and other issues. It also looks at whether financial incentives are strong enough to encourage employment networks to participate, and how the program is reaching those who may need more intensive supports to succeed in the workforce. Overall, the authors note that the program has been implemented successfully, but issues such as low participation by beneficiaries and services providers need to be addressed. Read more about the study. |
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"Consumer and Consultant Experiences in the Florida Consumer Directed Care Program.” Leslie Foster, Barbara Phillips, and Jennifer Schore, June 2005. The Cash and Counseling demonstration and evaluation, implemented in Arkansas, Florida, and New Jersey, gave eligible Medicaid beneficiaries who were frail or had disabilities the opportunity to receive a monthly allowance to purchase supportive services of their choosing. This report describes the implementation of Florida's Consumer Directed Care program. Florida was the only demonstration state to target people with primarily developmental disabilities, and the only state to enroll children. The data analysis of discussions with program staff, consultant questionnaires, and consumer surveys shows that Florida's CDC program is worthwhile from a consumer perspective and feasible from an administrative one. In terms of enrollment, retention, and satisfaction, the program was most attractive to the families of children with developmental disabilities and least attractive to the frail elderly. |
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Journal Articles |
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"Premium Increases in State Health Insurance Programs: Lessons from a Case Study of the Massachusetts Medicaid Buy-in Program." Gina A. Livermore, Nanette Goodman, Fred Hooven, and Lobat Hashemi, Inquiry, winter 2007/2008. In March 2003, Massachusetts increased the premiums it charges to most enrollees in its CommonHealth-Working (CH-W) program—the state's insurance program for working age adults with disabilities. This article reports on the impact of the premium change on disenrollment. Findings indicate that the premium change had only a small, but statistically significant impact on program exits. The CH-W experience differs from other state programs that saw substantial enrollment declines in response to new or increased premiums. This is likely due to factors that make CH-W different from other programs, the most important being administrative procedures intended to minimize disenrollment caused by nonpayment of premiums. |
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"Posttransition Experiences of Former Child SSI Recipients." Pamela J. Loprest and David C. Wittenburg, Social Service Review, December 2007. The authors use new data from the National Survey of SSI Children and Families to study the transition period for a cohort of child Supplemental Security Income (SSI) recipients after redetermination of benefits at age 18. The article examines differences between those who do not receive benefits after age 18 as adults and those who continue to do so, focusing on the connection between characteristics before age 18 and outcomes after age 18. Important differences in demographic and human capital development characteristics exist across these two groups, indicating a possible need for transition supports for some within the child SSI population. These supports are especially needed by those no longer receiving benefits after age 18 who are not engaged in any schooling, employment, or training. |
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"Material Hardship, Poverty, and Disability Among Working-Age Adults." Peiyun She and Gina A. Livermore, Social Science Quarterly, December 2007. The authors used data from the 1996 panel of SIPP to examine the extent to which working-age people with disabilities experience several types of material hardships. The findings indicate that disability is an important determinant of material hardship, even after controlling for income and other sociodemographic characteristics. In addition, a large majority of the low-income respondents who reported a material hardship also reported being limited for some period of time in the amount or kind of work they can perform. The findings provide support for policies that account for disability-related expenditures and needs when determining eligibility for means-tested assistance programs. They also suggest that the official poverty measure overstates the relative economic well-being of people with disabilities. |
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A special issue of the Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation (volume 27, number 2, 2007), titled "Ticket to Success? Early Findings from the Ticket to Work Evaluation," summarizes the early implementation experiences and impacts of the Ticket to Work (TTW) program. The program, together with other initiatives created by the Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act, attempts to develop a new employment services marketplace to increase the level and mix of employment support services for people who receive disability benefit payments from the Social Security Administration (SSA). Rather than setting up a single training program, TTW includes payment mechanisms designed to induce employment-service providers to increase the supply of programs and the range of approaches. Six papers in the special issue, edited by Craig Thornton, Robert Weathers, and David Wittenburg, provide an early picture of both the potential for the TTW program and the challenges involved with reaching this potential. See more. |
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"Informed Participation in TennCare by People with Disabilities." Steven C. Hill and Judith Wooldridge, Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, November 2006. Informed consumer participation in health care is increasingly important, but people with disabilities face barriers to making health care decisions. Using a unique survey, we examine informed health care choices by nonelderly people with diverse disabilities, including mental retardation, mental illness, visual and hearing impairments, and difficulty communicating, in TennCare, Tennessee's Medicaid managed care program. Most people with disabilities chose their plans and providers, felt they had enough information to choose a plan, and rated information from their providers as good to excellent. A minority did not know they could choose their plans and providers and reported poor or fair communication with providers. Adults with mental retardation were less likely than other adults with disabilities to seek information. Adults with serious difficulty communicating were less satisfied than others with information from providers. Medicare, Medicaid, health plans, and providers should tailor information dissemination to the diverse needs of people with disabilities. Reprints available while supply lasts; call (609) 275-2350. |
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"The Effect of Urinary Incontinence on Quality of Life in Older Nursing Home Residents." Catherine E. DuBeau, Samuel E. Simon, and John N. Morris, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, September 2006. Researchers sought to determine whether nursing home residents with urinary incontinence have worse quality of life than continent residents, whether the relationship between continence and quality of life differs across strata of cognitive and functional impairment, and whether change in continence status is associated with change in quality of life. This is the first study to demonstrate quantitatively that prevalent and new or worsening incontinence decreases quality of life even in frail functionally and cognitively impaired nursing home residents. These results provide a crucial incentive to improve continence care and quality in nursing homes and a rationale for targeting interventions to those residents most likely to benefit. |
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"Reliability of a Structured Assessment for Nonclinicians to Detect Delirium Among New Admissions to Postacute Care." Samuel E. Simon, Margaret A. Bergman, Richard N. Jones, Katherine M. Murphy, E. John Orav, and Edward R. Marcantonio, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, September 2006. Researchers evaluated the interrater reliability of a structured delirium assessment method for nonclinician interviews with elderly patients newly admitted to postacute care. The structured delirium assessment process produced very high interobserver agreement. Nonclinician interviewers using a structured assessment achieved reliability that rivaled or exceeded that of trained clinical assessors in other studies. The authors note that nonclinicians may offer an effective alternative for the assessment of delirium among postacute patients in skilled nursing facilities. |
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“Disease Management: Promising, But Not Yet Proven.” Debbie Peikes, Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, June 2006. Studies have shown that many chronic health care problems can be prevented if patients receive medical care consistent with recommended standards; adhere to medication, diet, exercise and self-care regimens; have access to transportation and social support services; and experience better communication from providers. This has led to the development of disease management programs to help change patient and provider behavior, with the goal of saving money and improving patient functioning. This article notes that implementation of disease management has outpaced evidence proving its worth, but that evidence is forthcoming from a number of rigorous demonstration projects for Medicare beneficiaries. Early results indicate some providers faced significant enrollment shortfalls. In addition, short-term findings provide some evidence that disease management may improve the quality of care and mixed evidence of effects on patient's diet, exercise, and adherence to medication. The author recommends waiting for more evidence before wholesale adoption of disease management. Reprints available while supply lasts; call 609-275-2350. |
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Issue Briefs |
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"How Do Medicaid Buy-In Participants Who Collect Social Security Disability Insurance Benefits Use SSA Work Incentive Programs?" Working with Disability, Work and Insurance In Brief #7. Kristin Andrews, Bob Weathers, and Su Liu, December 2007. Medicaid Buy-In participants who receive Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) benefits may not be taking full advantage of the available work incentive programs that can improve their prospects of finding employment and attaining economic self-sufficiency. This policy brief, the seventh in a series on working with disability, reveals that only 23 percent of Medicaid Buy-In participants who received SSDI benefits between 2000 and 2005 took part in a work incentive program. The brief summarizes Mathematica's study of participation rates for four SSDI work incentive programs: Trial Work Period, Extended Period of Eligibility, Impairment-Related Work Expenses, and Ticket to Work. The Trial Work Period program was the most utilized,with approximately 16 percent of beneficiaries participating. The Extended Period of Eligibility program had the second highest participation rate, 7 percent, with Ticket to Work running a close third with 6 percent. Fewer than one percent utilized the Impairment-Related Work Expenses incentive. |
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"What Is the Demonstration to Maintain Independence and Employment (DMIE) and Who Is Participating?" Working with Disability Work and Insurance In Brief #6. Gilbert W. Gimm and Bob Weathers, August 2007. The sixth policy brief in a Mathematica series on working with disability looks at the Demonstration to Maintain Independence and Employment (DMIE), which allows states to provide Medicaid-equivalent or "wrap-around" coverage to supplement existing health insurance for workers with potentially disabling conditions. The brief reviews the rationale for the DMIE and describes programs and participants in four states—Hawaii, Kansas, Minnesota, and Texas. |
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"Quality Care for Children with ADHD: The Role of Primary Care Physicians." Quality Care for Special Kids: Profiles of Children with Chronic Conditions and Disabilities, Update #6. Stephanie Peterson, Shanna Shulman, and Henry Ireys, April 2007. This brief, the sixth in a series on critical issues involved in caring for children with special health care needs, notes that 40 percent of children with special health care needs enrolled in commercial health insurance plans have an emotional or behavioral disorder. Of these children, 34 percent have a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) alone, and an additional 22 percent have ADHD along with another chronic condition. Children with ADHD receive most of their care from primary care clinicians and use significantly more health care services than do children without ADHD. The brief lists some newly developed health care tools that health plans can use to help ensure that treatment for these children is delivered efficiently and appropriately in primary care offices. |
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"Do Participants Increase Their Earnings After Enrolling in the Medicaid Buy-In Program?" Working with Disability Earnings In Brief #4. Su Liu and Bob Weathers, May 2007. The fourth brief in a series on the Medicaid Buy-In program, a key component of the federal effort to help people with disabilities return to work without losing health insurance coverage, examines earnings after enrollment. The brief notes that nearly 40 percent of participants increase their earnings after enrolling, with substantial differences in rate of earnings growth based on participant characteristics and across states. Sixty-five percent of participants under age 21 increased their earnings after enrollment, with a steady decline to 47, 33, and 30 percent for those ages 21 to 44, 45 to 64, and 65 and older, respectively. For those whose earnings rose, the median increase was $2,582. |
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"Who Are the Top Earners in the Medicaid Buy-In Program?" Working with Disability Earnings In Brief #3. Gilbert W. Gimm, Henry T. Ireys, and Caitlin Johnson, March 2007. Promoting employment for people with disabilities is an important policy objective for the nation. This third brief in a series on the Medicaid Buy-In program, a key component of the federal effort to help people with disabilities return to work without losing health insurance coverage, examines the top earners in the program. The brief notes that the top 10 percent earn $25,000 on average and they are more likely to be young and nonwhite than participants overall. In addition, top earners were less likely to have received payments from the Supplemental Security Income or Social Security Disability Insurance programs in the year before enrolling in the Buy-In program. |
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"Impact on Family and Work." Quality Care for Special Kids: Profiles of Children with Chronic Conditions and Disabilities, Update #5. Shanna Shulman, Henry Ireys, and Stephanie Peterson, February 2007. This brief, the fifth in a series on critical issues involved in caring for children with special health care needs, notes that about 60 percent of all children have health insurance through a parent's employer, but coverage of services for children with special health care needs varies. Furthermore, the more comprehensive the benefit package, the larger the share of costs assumed by employees. Because children with special health care needs use more services and see providers more often than other children do, their parents may be under greater financial stress, which can be exacerbated if they need to forgo working to manage their child's care. The brief suggests steps that plans can take to address these issues. |
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"Coordinating Care for Children with Special Health Care Needs.” Quality Care for Special Kids: Profiles of Children with Chronic Conditions and Disabilities #4. Stephanie Peterson, Shanna Shulman, and Henry Ireys, January 2007. This brief, the fourth in a series on critical issues involved in caring for children with special health care needs, notes that nearly three-quarters of parents who need professional care coordination services for their child say they do not get enough help—if they get any at all. Moreover, one-third of those who do get help are not fully satisfied with the quality of services they receive. Although many health plans coordinate care for their adult members with chronic conditions and disabilities, few do so for children. The brief provides suggested steps that plans can take to improve care coordination for these children. |
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"Treating Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in Children and Adolescents." Quality Care for Special Kids: Profiles of Children with Chronic Conditions and Disabilities #3. Shanna Shulman, Henry Ireys, and Stephanie Peterson, December 2006. This brief, the third in a series on critical issues involved in caring for children with special health care needs, notes that 40 percent of these children enrolled in commercial health plans need treatment for emotional or behavioral disorders. Although health plans have been working to ensure that effective treatments are covered, 11 percent of parents are dissatisfied with the health benefits their children receive. |
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"Prescription Drug Costs for Children with Special Health Care Needs." Quality Care for Special Kids: Profiles of Children with Chronic Conditions and Disabilities #2. Henry Ireys, Shanna Shulman, and Stephanie Peterson, October 2006. The rapidly escalating costs of prescription drugs affect children and adults alike and contribute to concerns that traditional employer-based insurance will be unaffordable in the future. However, little information is available on costs for children with chronic conditions and disabilities, who make heavy use of these drugs. This brief, based on the most comprehensive data available for a large sample of commercially insured children, recommends strategies for helping to ensure that children have access to needed medications in the future. |
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"How Does the Medicaid Buy-In Program Relate to Other Federal Efforts to Improve Access to Health Coverage for Adults with Disabilities?” Working with Disability Work and Insurance In Brief #2. Sarah R. Davis and Henry T. Ireys, October 2006. The Medicaid Buy-In program is a key component of the federal effort to make it easier for people with disabilities to work without losing health benefits. This issue brief, the second in a series on workers with disabilities, explains how the Medicaid Buy-In program fits into other federal efforts to enhance employment opportunities for adults with disabilities by expanding access to health insurance. |
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"Children with Special Health Care Needs in Commercial Plans." Quality Care for Special Kids: Profiles of Children with Chronic Conditions and Disabilities #1. Shanna Shulman, Henry Ireys, and Stephanie Peterson, September 2006. Out of every five persons in a commercial health insurance plan who has a chronic condition, one is a child. This first brief in a new series profiles children with disabilities and chronic conditions in commercial plans, who account for more than 70 percent of every dollar spent on child health. The brief, which examines their health status, severity of conditions, and use of services, notes that they might benefit from care or disease management. |
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"How Much Are Medicaid Participants Earning?” Working with Disability Earnings In Brief #1. William E. Black, Su Liu, and Henry T. Ireys, June 2006. Promoting employment for people with disabilities is an important policy objective for the nation. The first brief in a new series on the Medicaid Buy-In program, which extends Medicaid coverage to people with disabilities who go to work so they do not lose health care, examines participant earnings. We found that 66 percent worked, with average annual earnings of over $7,000 in 2004. |
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Other |
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| "Keeping Track: National Disability Status and Program Performance Indicators." Nanette Goodman, Bonnie O’Day, and Allison Roche, April 2008. Measuring the status of people with disabilities and the extent to which programs are helping achieve better outcomes is an important policy concern. The number of people with disabilities in the U.S. is large and growing: 49.7 million noninstitutionalized individuals have disabilities, and about 21.5 million of them are working age. This report describes what we know about the status of these individuals. It also assesses the extent to which current data meaningfully measure their well-being. It includes a set of statistical social indicators to measure progress in important areas over time. |
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| "Changing Circumstances: Experiences of Child SSI Recipients Before and After Their Age-18 Redetermination for Adult Benefits." Jeffrey Hemmeter, Jacqueline Kauff, and David Wittenburg, February 2008. This paper provides an analysis of the dynamics of the transition of child Supplemental Security Income (SSI) recipients into adulthood, using linked 2001-2002 National Survey of Children and Families survey and Social Security Administration administrative data. The authors examine the interaction of impairment status, reported health needs, and other self-reported indicators of human capital on SSI program and employment outcomes after age 18. They find that after controlling for measures of disability severity, duration, and human capital, youth with other mental and behavioral disorders are much less likely to receive SSI at age 19. Their findings also suggest that non-health-related factors, particularly education, employment, and social indicators, play an important role in the probability of a child SSI recipient being on adult SSI after age 18. |
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Economic and Social Costs and Benefits to Employers of Retaining, Recruiting and Employing Disabled People and/or People with Health Conditions or an Injury: A Review of the Evidence. Edited by Karen Needels and Robert Schmitz, 2006. During the past 20 years, the United Kingdom has promoted fuller inclusion of people with disabilities into the workplace and, more broadly, into all aspects of public life. This volume identifies and synthesizes the best available evidence on the benefits and costs to UK employers of recruiting and retaining workers with disabilities. It addresses the following issues: (1) employers' understanding of disability and the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DDA), (2) costs and benefits associated with employing people with disabilities, and (3) the extent to which public policy can alter the labor market outcomes of this population.
Mathematica staff authored the following chapters:
1. "Overview of the Legislative and Labour Market Context for Disabled Workers." Debra Brucker and Robert Schmitz. The authors summarize the DDA and describe employer responsibilities, noting that 6.9 million working-age people in the UK were disabled under the DDA definition in 2005. Of this group, about half were employed during the year, compared with 78 percent of nondisabled people. As the population ages, the number of working-age individuals with disabilities will also grow, so policies encouraging employment are important to sustain economic growth.
2. "Framework for Employer Decision-Making." Karen Needels. This chapter provides a theoretical context for categorizing the economic forces that determine recruiting and retention of disabled and nondisabled workers. The model makes three important points: (1) employers want to find the right workers and retain them as long as possible, since recruiting is costly, (2) it is not possible to predict a candidate's productivity with certainty, and (3) some traits related to productivity are easy to assess, but others, such as self-assurance, appearance, and demeanor, may put candidates with disabilities at a disadvantage.
3. "Evidence-Based Recommendations for Policy and Research." Karen Needels. This chapter synthesizes the arguments and evidence presented in the entire volume. The author notes that policies must be developed with an eye toward distinctions among employers and people with disabilities, in particular, differences between small and large employers, public and voluntary entities, and mental and physical impairments. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future research.
4. "Guide to Employers for the Recruitment and Retention of Disabled People." Clara Williams and Craig Thornton. This appendix reviews factors and questions employers can consider in employment decisions. |
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| "Removing Barriers to Survey Participation for Persons with Disabilities.” Susan Mitchell, Anne Ciemnecki, Karen CyBulski, and Jason Markesich, January 2006. Policymakers are exploring ways to include people with disabilities more fully in society. Part of that inclusion effort is to make sure that they can participate in key surveys, and that these surveys accurately identify their abilities as well as any challenges and impairments. Since the 1980s, Mathematica has been conducting successful, innovative surveys of this population. This paper synthesizes findings from our surveys for the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and the Social Security Administration and provides lessons for conducting surveys of people with disabilities.
To find all disability-related publications, please go to the Publications Search page.
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